How can I do this integration using only calculus?
(not laplace transforms or complex analysis)
$$
\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \frac{\sin(x)}{x} \,dx
$$
I searched for solutions not involving laplace transforms or complex analysis but I could not find.
Answer
Putting rigor aside, we may do like this:
$$\begin{align*}
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{\sin x}{x} \; dx
&= 2 \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{\sin x}{x} \; dx \\
&= 2 \int_{0}^{\infty} \sin x \left( \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-xt} \; dt \right) \; dx \\
&= 2 \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \sin x \, e^{-tx} \; dx dt \\
&= 2 \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{dt}{t^2 + 1} \\
&= \vphantom{\int}2 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2} = \pi.
\end{align*}$$
The defects of this approach are as follows:
- Interchanging the order of two integral needs justification, and in fact this is the hardest step in this proof. (There are several ways to resolve this problem, though not easy.)
- It is nothing but a disguise of Laplace transform method. So this calculation contains no new information on the integral.
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