Using calculus, I can justify that limaçons—the polar graphs of r=a+bcosθ for various nonzero real values of a and b—are dimpled when |ab|<2, but that doesn't seem to yield any conceptual reason why that should be the case. The boundary value 2 seems too nice to not have a conceptual explanation, so is there one?
The calculus: For this sort of limaçon, with cosine, there are always vertical tangents to the graph at θ=kπ, and the dimple is characterized by a pair of vertical tangents near one of those two locations, but equally spaced before and after it, whereas a non-dimpled limaçon only has those two vertical tangents. Vertical tangents occur when dydx is undefined; for polars, that means when dydθ is undefined (for our limaçon, never) or when dxdθ=0. For our limaçon, dxdθ=−sinθ(a+2bcosθ), so dxdθ=0 implies sinθ=0 (θ=kπ) or a+2bcosθ=0. This latter case, which can be rewritten as cosθ=−a2b, has no solutions when |a2b|>1, a single solution that is already in the solutions from sinθ=0 when |a2b|=1 (so, no additional vertical tangents and hence no dimple when |ab|≥2), and two solutions when |a2b|<1 (so two additional vertical tangents and hence a dimple when |ab|<2).
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