Sunday, 5 October 2014

linear algebra - Trouble understanding the diagonal matrix theorem.



The Diagonal Matrix Representation Theorem states:



Suppose $A=PDP^{-1}$, where $D$ is a diagonal $nxn$ matrix. If $B$ is the basis for $R^n$ formed from the columns of $P$, then $D$ is the $B$-matrix for the transformation $x\to Ax$.



I am given matrix $A=

\begin{bmatrix}
-4 & -1\\
6 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
$ and $b_{1}= \begin{bmatrix}
-1\\
2
\end{bmatrix} $, $b_{2}=b_{1}= \begin{bmatrix}
-1\\
1

\end{bmatrix}$



In an example from class the $B$-matrix is found like this:



$Ab_{1}=\begin{bmatrix}
2\\
-4
\end{bmatrix}$
Solving for the $B$-coordinate vector gives $[T(b_{1})]_{B} =\begin{bmatrix}
-2\\

0
\end{bmatrix}$



$Ab_{2}=\begin{bmatrix}
3\\
-5
\end{bmatrix}$ Solving for the $B$-coordinate vector gives $[T(b_{2})]_{B} =\begin{bmatrix}
-2\\
-1
\end{bmatrix}$




Combining these two vectors give the $B$-matrix $
\begin{bmatrix}
-2 & -2\\
0 & -1
\end{bmatrix}
$



According to the Diagonal Matrix Representation Theorem, I should be able to get the same matrix if I diagonalize matrix $A$. $A$ has two eigenvalues $\lambda=-2,-1$. I have found the basis for each eigenspace.




For $\lambda = -2$, the basis is $\begin{bmatrix}
-1\\
2
\end{bmatrix}$
For $\lambda = -1$, the basis is $\begin{bmatrix}
-1\\
3
\end{bmatrix}$



So $P=\begin{bmatrix}

-1 & -1\\
2 & 3
\end{bmatrix}$ and $D= \begin{bmatrix}
-2 & 0\\
0 & -1
\end{bmatrix}$



The theorem states that $D$ is the $B$-matrix of the transformation but these two matrices are not the same. When I diagonlized $A$, I found the basis for each eigenspace and formed matrix $P$ with the vectors in the basis, and the corresponding eigenvalue of each vector forms matrix $D$. The only difference between the two matrices is the $-2$ in the top right corner. When diagonalizing a matrix shouldn't $D$ only have nonzero entries on it's main diagonal by definition? How would I get a $-2$ in the top right corner of $D$. Am I misinterpreting the theorem?


Answer



You are using two different bases. Try using $b_2 = \begin{bmatrix}-1\\3 \end{bmatrix}$.



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