How do I evaluate Im=∫∞0sincm(x)dx, where m∈Z+?
For m=1 and m=2, we have the well-known result that this equals π2. In general, WolframAlpha suggests that is seems to be a rational multiple of π.
m1234567Imπ2π23π8π3115π38411π405887π23040
(1). Can we prove that Im is a rational multiple of π always?
(2). If so, is there a nice formula, i.e., if Im=p(m)q(m)π, where p(m),q(m)∈Z+, are there nice expressions for p(m) and q(m)?
P.S: This integral came up when I was trying my method to answer this question, by writing sin(x)x+sin(x) as sin(x)x+sin(x)=sinc(x)⋅11+sinc(x)=∞∑k=0(−1)ksinck+1(x)
Answer
Notice lim is bounded at x = 0,
\begin{align}\int_0^{\infty} \left(\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)^m dx &= \frac12 \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \left(\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)^m dx\tag{*1}\\ &= \lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \frac12 \left(\frac{1}{2i}\right)^m \oint_{C_{\epsilon}} \left(\frac{e^{ix} - e^{-ix}}{x}\right)^m dx\tag{*2} \end{align}
We can evaluate the integral (*1) as a limit of a integral over a deformed
contour C_{\epsilon} which has a little half-circle of radius \epsilon at origin:
C_{\epsilon} = (-\infty,-\epsilon) \cup \left\{ \epsilon e^{i\theta} : \theta \in [\pi,2\pi] \right\} \cup ( +\epsilon, +\infty)
We then split the integrand in (*2) in two pieces, those contains exponential factors e^{ikx} for k \ge 0 and those for k < 0.
(*2) = \lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \frac12 \left(\frac{1}{2i}\right)^m \oint_{C_{\epsilon}} \left( \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor\frac{m}{2}\rfloor} + \sum_{k=\lfloor\frac{m}{2}\rfloor+1} ^{m} \right) \binom{m}{k} \frac{(-1)^k e^{i(m-2k)x}}{x^m} dx
To evaluate the 1^{st} piece, we need to complete the contour in upper half-plane. Since the completed contour contains the pole at 0, we get:
\begin{align} \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor\frac{m}{2}\rfloor} \text{ in }(*2) &= \frac12 \left(\frac{1}{2i}\right)^m (2\pi i)\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor\frac{m}{2}\rfloor} \binom{m}{k} \frac{(-1)^k i^{m-1}(m-2k)^{m-1}}{(m-1)!}\\ &= \frac{\pi m}{2^m} \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor\frac{m}{2}\rfloor} \frac{(-1)^k (m-2k)^{m-1}}{k!(m-k)!}\tag{*3}\end{align}
To evaluate the 2^{nd} piece, we need to complete the contour in lower half-plane instead. Since the completed contour no longer contains any pole, it contributes nothing and hence I_m is just equal to R.H.S of (*3).
Update
About the question whether I_m is decreasing. Aside from the exception I_1 = I_2, it is strictly decreasing.
For m \ge 1, it is clear I_{2m} > I_{2m+1} because the difference of corresponding integrands is non-negative and not identically zero. For the remaining cases, we have:
\begin{align}&I_{2m+1}-I_{2m+2}\\ = & \int_{0}^{\infty} \left(\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)^{2m+1}\left(1 - \frac{\sin x}{x}\right) dx\\ = & \left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \int_{2n\pi}^{(2n+1)\pi}\right) \left(\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)^{2m+1}\left[1 - \frac{\sin x}{x} - \left(\frac{x}{x+\pi}\right)^{2m+1}\left(1 + \frac{\sin x}{x + \pi}\right)\right] dx \end{align}
Over the range \cup_{n=0}^{\infty} (2n\pi,(2n+1)\pi), the factor \left(\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)^{2m+1} is positive. The other factor \Big[\cdots\Big] in above integral is bounded below by:
\begin{cases} 1 - \frac{\sin x}{x} - \left(\frac{x}{x+\pi}\right)^3\left(1 + \frac{\sin x}{x + \pi}\right), & \text{ for } x \in (0,\pi)\\ 1 - \frac{1}{x} - \frac{x}{x+\pi}\left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right) = \frac{(\pi - 2)x - \pi}{x(x+\pi)} & \text{ for } x \in \cup_{n=1}^{\infty}(2n\pi,(2n+1)\pi) \end{cases}
A simple plot will convince you both bounds are positive in corresponding range. This
implies the integrand in above integral is positive and hence I_{2m+1} > I_{2m+2}.
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