Wednesday, 31 May 2017

linear algebra - Is there a slick proof for the identity that expresses the inner product of imaginary octonions in terms of the cross product?




Consider the octonions O and in particular their imaginary part ImO. Let (,) be the scalar product induced by the identification of the imaginary octonions with R7. Furthermore, define the cross product of (any) octonions by x×y:=12(xyyx). For imaginary octonions x,y, there is the nice identity x×y=(x,y)+xy, where the dot denotes octonion multiplication.



Define the linear map Lx,y:ImOImO by Lx,y(v)=x×(y×v), where x,y are also imaginary quaternions. It is easy to prove by explicit calculation (plugging in a basis) that there is the following identity:



(x,y)=16trLx,yImO



This identity is useful because it shows that octonion multiplication of imaginary octonions only depends on the cross product, and thereby yields the equivalence of two common definitions of the exceptional Lie group G2. I don't like the brute force proof, so I am left wondering whether there is a better way to see that this identity holds. Is anyone aware of a slick(er) proof?



EDIT: It was just pointed out to me by Ted Shifrin that trL is the would-be Killing form on R7 seen as an (almost-but-not-quite) Lie algebra (equipped with the cross product). This might point the way towards a nice proof (?)



Answer



Since Lx,y is linear in x and y, it suffices to compute the trace in two cases: when x and y are parallel and when they are perpendicular (assuming x and y have norm 1 as well).



In the first case, it's just the square of Lx=x×, which annihilates x and equals multiplication by x on its orthogonal complement, so Lx,x will be multiplication by negative one on x's orthogonal complement; the trace is obviously 6.



In the second case, Lx,y annihilates y and xy, sends x to y, and zxyxyz, implying



Lx,yz,z=x(yz),z=yz,ˉxz=y,ˉx|z|2=0



when z{x,y,xy}, thus Lx,y is skew-hermitian on {x,y,xy} hence has trace zero.



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