I've been told assuming {x}=x−⌊x⌋, the following integral (1) evaluates to ζ(s) in the interval ℜ(s)∈(0,1).
(1) ζ(s)=−s∫∞0{x}x−s−1dx,0<ℜ(s)<1
Since x−⌊x⌋=SawtoothWave(x) and SawtoothWave(x)=12−1π∑∞k=1sin(2πkx)k, this leads to the following.
(2) ζ(s)=−s∫∞0(12−1π∑Kk=1sin(2πkx)k)x−s−1dx,0<ℜ(s)<1 & K→∞
I can't seem to get integral (2) above to converge when evaluating the integral along the critical line.
Including the saw-tooth wave offset of 12 is one problem. Integral (3) below doesn't converge, so I assume the offset is really not supposed to be included in the evaluation and am taking the approach of evaluating integral (4) below instead of integral (2) above.
(3) −s∫∞0(12)x−s−1dx,0<ℜ(s)<1
(4) ζ(s)=−s∫∞0(−1π∑Kk=1sin(2πkx)k)x−s−1dx,0<ℜ(s)<1 & K→∞
Question 1: Is it correct to omit the saw-tooth wave and evaluate integral (4) instead of integral (2)?
I'm using formula (5) below to evaluate integral (4) above. Increasing the evaluation limit K leads to another problem. The more I increase the evaluation limit K, the more formula (5) seems to diverge.
(5) $\quad\zeta(s)=2^s\pi^{s-1}\,\Gamma(1-s)\sin\left(\frac{\pi\,s}{2}\right)\sum _{k=1}^K k^{s-1}\,,\quad 0
Formula (5) above is based on formula (6) below.
(6) −s∫∞0(−sin(2πkx)πk)x−s−1dx=2sπs−1Γ(1−s)sin(πs2)ks−1,0<ℜ(s)<1
Also, note formula (5) above is consistent with the functional equation ζ(s)=2sπs−1Γ(1−s)sin(πs2)ζ(1−s), where ζ(1−s)=∑∞k=1ks−1.
Question 2: Why does formula (5) seem to diverge as the evaluation limit K is increased?
I encounter the same problem when evaluating the following integral.
(7) $\quad\zeta(s)=\frac{\zeta(s)}{\zeta(1-s)}\sum_{k=1}^K k^{s-1}\,,\quad 0
Since ζ(1−s)=∑∞k=1ks−1, it seems to me formula (7) above should converge as the evaluation limit K is increased, but increasing the evaluation limit K seems to have the opposite effect.
Question 3: Why does formula (7) above seem to diverge as the evaluation limit K is increased?
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