This is a question I came across and I cannot find the answer.
By using a substitution involving the tangent function, show that ∫10∫10x2−y2(x2+y2)2dydx=π4
My attempt
I use trig substitution, by saying
tan(θ)=yx which means
xsec2(θ)dθ=dy
Also, it should be noted that because of this
xsec(θ)=√x2+y2
x4sec4(θ)=(x2+y2)2
Thus, when I substitute this information into the integral, I get
∫10∫arctan(1x)θ=0x2−(x2tan2(θ))x4sec4(θ)xsec2(θ)dθdx
Then, this simplifies to
∫10∫arctan(1x)θ=0x2(1−tan2(θ))x4sec4(θ)xsec2(θ)dθdx
∫10∫arctan(1x)θ=0x2sec2(θ)x4sec4(θ)xsec2(θ)dθdx=∫10∫arctan(1x)θ=01xdθdx which leads to
∫10[θx]arctan(1x)0dx=∫10arctan(1x)xdx(3)
At this point I am stuck. How do I evaluate this integral. Am I on the right path? Wolfram Alpha gives an answer other than π4 for (3), so I am not sure where I am wrong.
Answer
Let us start considering I=∫x2−y2(x2+y2)2dy Defining y=xtan(θ)⟹dy=xsec2(θ)⟹I=∫cos(2θ)xdθ=sin(2θ)2x Back to x I=yx2+y2 So, ∫10x2−y2(x2+y2)2dy=11+x2 So, you are left with ∫10dx1+x2 Repeat the same change of variable.
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