Tuesday, 8 July 2014

complex analysis - How to proceed with evaluating intinftyinftyfracsinn(x)xnmathrmdx?





Exercise. Evaluate the improper trigonometric integral sinn(x)xndx,   nN+,
using the complex epsilon method.




Let us view only odd powers, that is



sin2n+1(x)x2n+1dx.



I have shown that




sin2n+1(x)=(1)n4nnk=0(1)k(2n+1k)sin[(2n+12k)x]



which leaves us with evaluating



limε0+f(z){1z2n+1+ε2n+1(1)n4nnk=0(1)k(2n+1k)exp[i(2n+12k)z]}dz.



We have a total of n+1 simple poles of interest, the first n lay in the upper half of the complex plane while the (n+1)th is on the real axis.



zm=εexp[i(2m+1)π2n+1],   m{0,,n1}.




Thus



sin2n+1(x)x2n+1dx=limε0+[2πin1m=0Resz=zmf(z)+πiResz=znf(z)+limRCRf(z)].



From (1) (since simple poles only)



Resz=zmf(z)=1(2n+1)(zm)2n(1)n4nnk=0(1)k(2n+1k)exp[i(2n+12k)zm] or, equivalently,



Resz=zmf(z)=1(2n+1)(zm)2n(1)n4nnk=0(1)k(2n+1k)j=0[i(2n+12k)zm]jj!.




The terms of the infinite sum above indice 2n become irrelevant as ε0+. Therefore,



Resz=zmf(z)1(2n+1)(zm)2n(1)n4nnk=0(1)k(2n+1k)2nj=0[i(2n+12k)zm]jj!.







  • TL; DR: What is next? How can one simplify the expression




n1m=01(2n+1)(zm)2n(1)n4nnk=0(1)k(2n+1k)2nj=0[i(2n+12k)zm]jj!?



EDIT: I have now accepted an answer that gets around this sum but yet still uses a similar method. However, note that simplifying (3) as a sum remains an open problem for me, so an answer along that line would be entitled to a bounty (+50).


Answer



Once you get the Fourier sine series of sin(x)n, you just need to apply integration by parts multiple times, in order to convert the original integral in a combination of integrals of the form
+sin(mx)xdx=π.


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