Exercise. Evaluate the improper trigonometric integral ∫∞−∞sinn(x)xndx, n∈N+,
using the complex epsilon method.
Let us view only odd powers, that is
∫∞−∞sin2n+1(x)x2n+1dx.
I have shown that
sin2n+1(x)=(−1)n4nn∑k=0(−1)k(2n+1k)sin[(2n+1−2k)x]
which leaves us with evaluating
limε→0+∫∞−∞ℑf(z)⏞{1z2n+1+ε2n+1(−1)n4nn∑k=0(−1)k(2n+1k)exp[i(2n+1−2k)z]}dz.
We have a total of n+1 simple poles of interest, the first n lay in the upper half of the complex plane while the (n+1)th is on the real axis.
zm=εexp[i(2m+1)π2n+1], m∈{0,…,n−1}.
Thus
∫∞−∞sin2n+1(x)x2n+1dx=limε→0+ℑ[2πin−1∑m=0Resz=zmf(z)+πiResz=znf(z)+limR→∞∫CRf(z)].
From (1) (since simple poles only)
Resz=zmf(z)=1(2n+1)(zm)2n(−1)n4nn∑k=0(−1)k(2n+1k)exp[i(2n+1−2k)zm] or, equivalently,
Resz=zmf(z)=1(2n+1)(zm)2n(−1)n4nn∑k=0(−1)k(2n+1k)∞∑j=0[i(2n+1−2k)zm]jj!.
The terms of the infinite sum above indice 2n become irrelevant as ε→0+. Therefore,
Resz=zmf(z)≡1(2n+1)(zm)2n(−1)n4nn∑k=0(−1)k(2n+1k)2n∑j=0[i(2n+1−2k)zm]jj!.
- TL; DR: What is next? How can one simplify the expression
n−1∑m=01(2n+1)(zm)2n(−1)n4nn∑k=0(−1)k(2n+1k)2n∑j=0[i(2n+1−2k)zm]jj!?
EDIT: I have now accepted an answer that gets around this sum but yet still uses a similar method. However, note that simplifying (3) as a sum remains an open problem for me, so an answer along that line would be entitled to a bounty (+50).
Answer
Once you get the Fourier sine series of sin(x)n, you just need to apply integration by parts multiple times, in order to convert the original integral in a combination of integrals of the form
∫+∞−∞sin(mx)xdx=π.
No comments:
Post a Comment