Monday, 26 September 2016

sequences and series - $cos^2(frac{pi}{101})+cos^2(frac{2pi}{101})+cos^2(frac{3pi}{101})+...+cos^2(frac{100pi}{101})=?$




Find the value: $$\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{2\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{3\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{4\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{5\pi}{101}\right)+\cdots \\ \cdots+\cos^2\left(\frac{99\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{100\pi}{101}\right)$$





My attempt:I've tried it by considering the sum
$$\sin^2\left(\frac{\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{2\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{3\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{4\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{5\pi}{101}\right)+\cdots \\ \cdots+\sin^2\left(\frac{99\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{100\pi}{101}\right)$$



along with



$$\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{2\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{3\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{4\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{5\pi}{101}\right)+\cdots \\ \cdots +\cos^2\left(\frac{99\pi}{101}\right)+\cos^2\left(\frac{100\pi}{101}\right)$$ which gives $ 100$ as resultant but failed to separate the sum of
$$\sin^2\left(\frac{\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{2\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{3\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{4\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{5\pi}{101}\right)+\cdots\\ \dots+\sin^2\left(\frac{99\pi}{101}\right)+\sin^2\left(\frac{100\pi}{101}\right)$$ at last.



I tried the next approach by using de Movire's theorem but failed to separate the real and imaginary part.




I've invested a great amount of time in the so it would be better if someone please come up with an answer.


Answer



$$\cos\left(\frac{k\pi}{101}\right)= \frac{1}{2} \left(e^{i\frac{k\pi}{101}}+e^{-i\frac{k\pi}{101}} \right) \\
\cos^2\left(\frac{k\pi}{101}\right)= \frac{1}{4} \left(e^{2i\frac{k\pi}{101}}+e^{-2i\frac{k\pi}{101}} +2\right) \\
\sum_{k=1}^{100}\cos^2\left(\frac{k\pi}{101}\right)= \frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=1}^{100}\left(e^{2i\frac{k\pi}{101}}+e^{-2i\frac{k\pi}{101}} +2\right)
$$



Now,
$$1+\sum_{k=1}^{100}e^{2i\frac{k\pi}{101}}=\sum_{k=0}^{100}\left(e^{2i\frac{\pi}{101}}\right)^k=\frac{1-(e^{2i\frac{\pi}{101}})^{101}}{1-e^{2i\frac{\pi}{101}}}=0 \\
1+\sum_{k=1}^{100}e^{-2i\frac{k\pi}{101}}=\sum_{k=0}^{100}\left(e^{-2i\frac{\pi}{101}}\right)^k=\frac{1-(e^{-2i\frac{\pi}{101}})^{101}}{1-e^{-2i\frac{\pi}{101}}}=0 $$




Therefore
$$\sum_{k=1}^{100}\cos^2\left(\frac{k\pi}{101}\right)= \frac{1}{4} \left(-1-1+200\right) $$


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