Let x,y>0,xy<1. Find the sum
∞∑n=1x⌊n2⌋y⌊n+12⌋
While I have some ideas how to test convergence, I don't quite know how to get started on the actual sum.
Edit:
If we break the sum down to a sum of two infinite series:
(y+xy2+x2y3+…)+(xy+x2y2+…)
and use the formula for the sum of the first n terms of a geometric series twice, we get:
y1−(xy)n1−xy+xy1−(xy)n1−xy→y1−xy+xy1−xy=y(1+x)1−xy
Is this reasoning correct?
Answer
Note that for n∈N we have
\def\fl#1{\left\lfloor#1\right\rfloor}\fl{\frac n2} + 1 = \fl{\frac{n+2}2}
and
\fl{\frac{n+1}2}+1 = \fl{\frac{n+3}2}
So, if we call the sum s := \sum_{n=1}^\infty x^{\fl{n/2}}y^{\fl{(n+1)/2}} and assume it converges we have,
\begin{align*} xys &= \sum_{n=1}^\infty x^{\fl{(n+2)/2}}y^{\fl{(n+3)/2}}\\ &= \sum_{k=3}^\infty x^{\fl{k/2}}y^{\fl{(k+1)/2}}\\ &= s - x^0y^1 - x^1y^1\\ &= s - y(1+x) \end{align*}
Now solve for s, we have
xys = s - y(1+x) \iff s(1-xy) = y(1+x) \iff s = \frac{y(1+x)}{1-xy}
If you do not want to assume convergence, you can do the following: Note that
\begin{align*} \sum_{n=1}^\infty x^{\fl{n/2}}y^{\fl{(n+1)/2}} &= \sum_{k=1}^\infty x^{\fl{(2k-1)/2}}y^{\fl{2k/2}} + \sum_{k=1}^\infty x^{\fl{2k/2}}y^{\fl{(2k+1)/2}}\\ &= \sum_{k=1}^\infty x^{k-1}y^k + \sum_{k=1}^\infty x^k y^k\\ &= y\sum_{k=0}^\infty (xy)^k + xy \sum_{k=0}^\infty (xy)^k\\ &= (y+xy) \sum_{k=0}^\infty (xy)^k\\ &= \frac{y(1+x)}{1-xy} \end{align*}
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