Question : Let a,b,c be non-negative integers. Also, let p be a prime number. Then, is the following true?
\sum_{k=0}^c\binom{a-k(p-1)}{k}\binom{b+k(p-1)}{c-k}=\sum_{k=0}^c(-p)^k\binom{a+b+1}{c-k}.
Motivation : I found the following question in a book :
(The conditions about a,b,c,p are the same as above.)
Prove the following in mod p:
\sum_{k=0}^c\binom{a-k(p-1)}{k}\binom{b+k(p-1)}{c-k}\equiv\binom{a+b+1}{c}
This question can be solved by either induction or using
\sum_{k=0}^c\binom{a-k(p-1)}{k}\binom{b+k(p-1)}{c-k}\equiv\sum_{k=0}^c\binom{a+k}{k}\binom{b-k}{c-k}.
(Also, we know that p does not need to be a prime number in this question.)
After thinking about this question, I reached the above expectation. Can anyone help?
Answer
The equality above is between polynomials in p, of degree c. If it is true for many primes it is true for all numbers p. But for p=0, c=1 we get:
\binom{a}{0}\binom{b}{1}+\binom{a}{1}\binom{b}{0}=a+b\neq a+b+1=\binom{a+b+1}{1}
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