Friday, 14 July 2017

complex analysis - Solving $y'' + 2y' + 2y = 0$: How to eliminate imaginary unit from solution?




$$y'' + 2y' + 2y = 0$$




$\downarrow$ (write characteristic equation)




$\lambda^2 +2\lambda + 2 = 0$



$\downarrow$ (solve characteristic equation)



$\lambda = -1 \pm i$



$\downarrow$ (write general solution)



$y = Ae^{(-1 - i)t} + Be^{(-1 + i)t}$




$\downarrow$ (apply Euler's formula)



$y = Ae^{-t}(\cos(-t) + i\sin(-t)) + Be^{-t}(\cos(t) + i\sin(t))$



$\downarrow$ (perform minor algebra/trig rearrangement)



$y = (A + B)e^{-t}\cos(t) + (B - A)e^{-t}\sin(t)i$




Where do I go from here to eliminate the $i$? Plugging in the exponential formulas for sine and cosine leads back to the original general solution, with $i$'s remaining.




Answer



Both $(A+B)$ and $(B-A)i$ are arbitrary constants. Rename them $C_1$ and $C_2$ to get the general solution
$$y=C_1e^{-t}\cos{(t)}+C_2e^{-t}\sin{(t)}$$


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