Monday, 18 June 2018

calculus - On the equivalence of two definitions for summations over the integers



If $a_k\in\mathbb{C}$, then define
$$

\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}a_k=L\\
\Updownarrow\\\forall\epsilon>0,\exists N,m,n> N\implies\left|\sum_{k=-m}^na_k-L\right|<\epsilon
$$



Question: Is it true that




$$
\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}a_k=L\\
\Updownarrow\\

\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}a_k\text{ and }\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}a_{-k}\text{ both exist and }\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}a_k+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}a_{-k}=L
$$




Thoughts:$[\Downarrow]$ Couldn't come up with something useful. Tried to show that both series are Cauchy. Failed.



$[\Uparrow]$ Let
$$
\alpha:=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}a_k\\
\beta:=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}a_{-k}

$$
Given $\epsilon>0$, there exist $N_1,N_2$ such that
$$
\left|\sum_{k=0}^na_k-\alpha\right|<\frac{\epsilon}{2}\\
\left|\sum_{k=1}^ma_{-k}-\beta\right|<\frac{\epsilon}{2}
$$
whenever $n>N_1$ and $m>N_2$. Hence if $N:=\max\{N_1,N_2\}$ then
\begin{align}
\left|\sum_{k=-m}^na_k-L\right|&=\left|\sum_{k=0}^na_k-\alpha+\sum_{k=1}^ma_{-k}-\beta\right|\\
&\leq\left|\sum_{k=0}^na_k-\alpha\right|+\left|\sum_{k=1}^ma_{-k}-\beta\right|\\

&<\frac{\epsilon}{2}+\frac{\epsilon}{2}\\
&=\epsilon
\end{align}
whenever $m,n>N$.


Answer



I assume you meant (adding quantors for $m,n$):



$$\forall\epsilon>0,\exists N,\forall m > N, \forall n> N\implies\left|\sum_{k=-m}^na_k-L\right|<\epsilon.$$



The [$\Uparrow$] case is OK. For [$\Downarrow$], let $N(\epsilon)$ denote a suitable $N$ for $\epsilon$ in the above condition. If $n_2 > n_1 > N(\frac{\epsilon}{2})$, then $$\left|\sum_{n=n_1+1}^{n_2} a_n\right| = \left|\sum_{n=-n_1}^{n_2} a_n - \sum_{n=-n_1}^{n_1} a_n\right| = \left|\left(\sum_{n=-n_1}^{n_2} a_n -L \right) - \left(\sum_{n=-n_1}^{n_1} a_n - L\right)\right| \le \frac{\epsilon}{2} + \frac{\epsilon}{2} = \epsilon.$$




This means $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a_n$ is a Cauchy series. The proof for the negative part being Cauchy is done just the same.



Proving that $L$ is now the sum of the limits of the positive and negative parts works just as in the [$\Uparrow$] part.



Adding remarks due to comment from OP below:
That argument seems to work as well, but I was literally looking at your prove for $[\Uparrow]$. You start there by defining $\alpha$ and $\beta$. In that $[\Uparrow]$ proof that they exist is the assumption, in the $[\Downarrow]$ proof this was proven by them being Cauchy series'. Then you choose $\epsilon$ and based on that $N_1,N_2$. Then you use $L$ for the one and only time, but it is simply used as $L= \alpha + \beta$. So you proved that the $L$ defined that way fits your definition for "sum of series from $-\infty$ to $\infty$". Since that value is 'obviously' unique if it exists at all, you have now proven (in the $[\Downarrow]$ proof) that the value $L$ (which we assumed existed) must be equal to $\alpha + \beta$, which what was left to show.


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