Friday, 15 November 2019

calculus - Evaluating the integral inti0nftyfracsinxx,mathrmdx=fracpi2?



A famous exercise which one encounters while doing Complex Analysis (Residue theory) is to prove that the given integral:

0sinxxdx=π2



Well, can anyone prove this without using Residue theory. I actually thought of doing this:
0sinxxdx=lim
but I don't see how \pi comes here, since we need the answer to be equal to \dfrac{\pi}{2}.


Answer



Here's another way of finishing off Derek's argument. He proves
\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac{\sin(2n+1)x}{\sin x}dx=\frac\pi2.
Let
I_n=\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac{\sin(2n+1)x}{x}dx= \int_0^{(2n+1)\pi/2}\frac{\sin x}{x}dx.
Let
D_n=\frac\pi2-I_n=\int_0^{\pi/2}f(x)\sin(2n+1)x\ dx
where
f(x)=\frac1{\sin x}-\frac1x.
We need the fact that if we define f(0)=0 then f has a continuous
derivative on the interval [0,\pi/2]. Integration by parts yields
D_n=\frac1{2n+1}\int_0^{\pi/2}f'(x)\cos(2n+1)x\ dx=O(1/n).
Hence I_n\to\pi/2 and we conclude that
\int_0^\infty\frac{\sin x}{x}dx=\lim_{n\to\infty}I_n=\frac\pi2.



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