I'm reading Apostol's Calculus book and in the first chapter is presented the way archimedes found the sum of the square and how it can be used to calculate the integral of x². But I'm not able to follow some steps of the proof.
from the book:
We subdivided the base in n parts each with length bn, a typical point corresponds to kbn where k takes values from k=1,2,3,...,n
We can construct rectangles from for each kth point:
Base=bn
Height=(kbn)2
Area=Base∗Height=bn.(kbn)2
Area=b3n3.k2
If we sum all the rectangles, we get a bit more than the area under the curve x2
Sbig=b3n3.(1²+2²+3²+...+(n−1)²+n²)
If we can construct smaller rectangles, using n−1 points, we we get a bit less than the area under the curve x2.
Ssmall=b3n3.(1²+2²+3²+...+(n−1)²)
So the real area under the curve x2 is between the two areas:
Ssmall<A<Sbig
After a bit of algebra we get that:
Sbig=b3n3.(n33+n²2+n6)
Ssmall=b3n3.(n33−n²2+n6)
To prove that A is b33 he uses this inequalities:
1²+2²+3²+...+(n−1)²<n³3<1²+2²+3²+...+n²
But I don't understand where the n³3 came from. And can't follow the proof
After taking the average of the two expression:
(n33+n²2+n6)+(n33−n²2+n6)2=n33+n6
So I understan where n³3 came from, but why is n6 is thrown away?
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