Thursday 26 June 2014

trigonometry - How prove this trigonometric identity



Show that




$$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\dfrac{\tanh{\left(x\dfrac{1}{n\sin^2{\left(\dfrac{2k+1}{4n}\pi\right)}}\right)}}{1+\dfrac{\tanh^2{x}}{\tan^2{\left(\dfrac{2k+1}{4n}\pi\right)}}}=\tanh{(2nx)}$$





Thank you ,This problem I take some hours,and at last I don't prove it



and This problem is from
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This book have some same problem.all is not true? if not true,and we how find it or edit it somewhere?
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Thank you achille hui,he told me this following maybe is true,Now How prove it?




$$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\dfrac{\dfrac{\tanh{x}}{n\sin^2{\left(\dfrac{2k+1}{4n}\pi\right)}}}{1+\dfrac{\tanh^2{x}}{\tan^2{\left(\dfrac{2k+1}{4n}\pi\right)}}}=\tanh{(2nx)}$$



Answer



Notice




$$\cosh(2nx) = T_{2n}(\cosh x)\quad\text{ and }\quad \cos(2nx) = T_{2n}(\cos x)$$



where $T_{2n}(z)$ is a
Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind. Using the $2^{nd}$ relation above, it is clear the roots of $T_{2n}(x)$ has the
form:
$$\pm\cos(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi),\quad\text{ for } k = 0,\ldots, n-1$$



From this, we arrive following expansion of $\cosh(2n x)$:



$$\cosh(2n x ) = A \prod_{k=0}^{n-1}\left(\cosh^2 x - \cos^2(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi)\right)$$

for some constant $A$ we don't care.
Taking logarithm, differentiate w.r.t $x$ and divide by $2n$ for both sides, we find:
$$\begin{align}
\tanh(2n x)
= & \frac{1}{2n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{ 2\sinh x\cosh x}{\cosh^2 x - \cos^2(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi)}\\
= & \frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{ \sinh x\cosh x}{\sinh^2 x + \sin^2(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi)}\\
= & \frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{ \tanh x}{\tanh^2 x + \sin^2(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi)(1 - \tanh^2 x)}\\
\\
= & {\Large \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\frac{\tanh x}{n \sin^2(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi)}
}{1 + (\frac{1}{\sin^2(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi)} - 1 ) \tanh^2 x} }\\

\\
= & {\Large \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\frac{\tanh x}{n \sin^2(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi)}
}{1 + \frac{\tanh^2 x}{\tan^2(\frac{2k+1}{4n}\pi)}} }\\
\end{align}$$


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