Monday, 2 February 2015

summation - Sum with irrational powers and binomial coefficients



What is the value of:
$$\sum_{k=1}^{n} {\left(\left(-1\right)^{n-k}{n+1 \choose k+1}\left(\frac{\sqrt5}{1+\sqrt5}\left(3+\sqrt5\right)^k-\frac{\sqrt5}{1-\sqrt5}\left(3-\sqrt5\right)^k-\frac{5}{2}\right)\right)}?$$
I am stuck because of the binomial coefficient there, because without it the sum would just be a bunch of geometric series.


Answer



$\sum_{k=1}^{n} {\left(\left(-1\right)^{n-k}{n+1 \choose k+1}\left(\frac{\sqrt5}{1+\sqrt5}\left(3+\sqrt5\right)^k-\frac{\sqrt5}{1-\sqrt5}\left(3-\sqrt5\right)^k-\frac{5}{2}\right)\right)}?
$



Here's a start.

I'm feeling too tired right now
to do more.



$\begin{array}\\
\sum_{k=1}^{n} {n+1 \choose k+1} x^k
&=\sum_{k=2}^{n+1} {n+1 \choose k} x^{k-1}\\
&=\frac1{x}\sum_{k=2}^{n+1} {n+1 \choose k} x^{k}\\
&=\frac1{x}\left(-1-(n+1)x+\sum_{k=0}^{n+1} {n+1 \choose k} x^{k}\right)\\
&=\frac1{x}\left((1+x)^{n+1}-1-(n+1)x\right)\\
\end{array}

$



Note that
$(3-\sqrt{5})(3+\sqrt{5})
=4
$.



If $x = -(3+\sqrt{5})$,



$\begin{array}\\

\sum_{k=1}^{n} {n+1 \choose k+1}(-1)^k (3+\sqrt{5})^k
&=\frac1{-(3+\sqrt{5})}\left((1-(3+\sqrt{5}))^{n+1}-1+(n+1)(3+\sqrt{5})\right)\\
&=\frac{-(3-\sqrt{5})}{4}\left((-1)^{n+1}(2+\sqrt{5})^{n+1}-1+(n+1)(3+\sqrt{5})\right)\\
\end{array}
$



That's all.


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