Can anyone give me a classification of the real functions of one variable such that f(x)f(y)=f(xy)? I have searched the web, but I haven't found any text that discusses my question. Answers and/or references to answers would be appreciated.
Answer
There is a classification of the functions f:R→R satisfying
f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y),for all x,y∈R.(⋆)
These are the linear transformations of the linear space R over the field Q to itself. They are fully determined once known on a Hamel basis of this linear space (i.e., the linear space R over the field Q).
This in turn provides a classification of all the functions g:R+→R+ satisfying
g(xy)=g(x)g(y),for all x,y∈R+,
as they have to be form g(x)=ef(logx), where f satisfies (⋆). Note that g(1)=1, for all such g.
Next, we can achieve characterization of functions g:R→R+ satisfying
g(xy)=g(x)g(y),for all x,y∈R,
as g(−x)=g(−1)g(x), which means that the values of g at the negative numbers are determined once g(−1) is known, and as g(−1)g(−1)=g(1)=1, it has to be g(−1)=1. Also, it is not hard to see that only acceptable value of g(0) is 0.
Finally, if we are looking for g:R→R, we observe that, if g≢, and x>0, then g(x)=g(\sqrt{x})g(\sqrt{x})>0. Thus g is fully determined once we specify whether g(-1) is equal to 1 or -1.
Note that if g: \mathbb R\to\mathbb R is continuous, then either g\equiv 0 or g(x)=|x|^r or g(x)=|x|^r\mathrm{sgn}\, x , for some r>0.
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