Wednesday, 23 March 2016

Proving that a sequence is increasing




Problem: A sequence (an) is defined recursively as follows, where 0<α:
a_1=\alpha,\quad a_{n+1}=\frac{6(1+a_n)}{7+a_n}.
Prove that this sequence is increasing and bounded above by 2. What is its limit?






Ideas: How should I go about starting this proof? If the value of a_1 were given, I could show numerically and by induction that the sequence is increasing. But no exact value of \alpha is given.


Answer




First, 0\leq a_1\leq2.



Second, a_{n+1}=\frac{6(1+a_n)}{7+a_n}=6-\frac{36}{7+a_n}.



So, if 0\leq a_n\leq2,



\qquadthen 7\leq 7+a_n\leq 9,



\qquadthen \frac{1}{7}\geq\frac{1}{7+a_n}\geq\frac{1}{9},




\qquadthen \frac{36}{7}\geq\frac{36}{7+a_n}\geq\frac{36}{9},



\qquadthen -\frac{36}{7}\leq-\frac{36}{7+a_n}\leq-\frac{36}{9},



\qquadthen 0\leq6-\frac{36}{7}\leq6-\frac{36}{7+a_n}\leq6-\frac{36}{9}=2,



then 0\leq a_{n+1}\leq2.



By induction 0\leq a_n\leq2 for all n.




Also a_{n+1}-a_n=\frac{6(1+a_n)}{7+a_n}-a_n=\frac{6-a_n-a_n^2}{7+a_n}=\frac{(a_n+3)(2-a_n)}{7+a_n}>0, as long as 0\leq a_n\leq2.



Therefore a_{n+1}\geq a_n.


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