Monday, 18 March 2019

integration - An almost Fresnel integral



\def\d{\mathrm{d}}So I tried doing the following integral:



I=\int_0^{+\infty}\sin(2^x)\,\d x,




which is quite similar to the famous Fresnel integral. First, I rewrote \sin using its complex exponential definition, then I let u=2^x:



I=\int_0^{+\infty}\frac{e^{i2^x}-e^{-i2^x}}{2i}\,\d x = \frac1{2i\ln(2)} \int_1^{+\infty} \frac{e^{iu}-e^{-iu}}u \,\d u.



(so close to letting me use Frullani's integral \ddot\frown)



But where do I go from here? It looks very close to a place where I could use the exponential integral or something like that, but not quite...


Answer



Hint. One may perform the change of variable

u=2^x, \quad \ln x= \frac1{\ln 2}\cdot \ln u, \quad dx=\frac1{\ln 2}\cdot \frac{du}u, giving
I=\int_0^{+\infty}\sin(2^x)\ dx=\frac1{\ln 2}\cdot\int_1^{+\infty}\frac{\sin(u)}{u}\ du=\frac1{\ln 2}\cdot\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-\text{Si}(1)\right) where we have made use of the sine integral function \text{Si}(\cdot).


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