Friday 28 August 2015

calculus - How to get the same answer for integral $intfrac{dz}{sqrt{1+z^2}}$ as in textbook



I have some answer:
$$\int\frac{dz}{\sqrt{1+z^2}}=\ln ( z + \sqrt {1 + z^2})+C$$
But I can't get the same expression. So here what I've done and got stuck. How can I get the same answer?



\begin{align}

& \int\frac{dz}{\sqrt{1+z^2}}=\left\{z=\tan t, \ dz=\frac{dt}{\cos^2 t} \right\} = \int\frac{dt}{\cos^2 t\sqrt{1+\tan^2 t}} \\[10pt]
= {} & \left\{\sqrt{1+\tan^2 t}=\frac{1}{\cos t}\right\}=\int\frac{\cos t \ dt}{\cos^2 t} \\[10pt]
= {} & \left\{\cos t \ dt= d\sin t, \cos^2 t=1-\sin^2 t\right\}=\int\frac{d\sin t}{1-\sin^2 t} \\[10pt]
= {} &\{\sin t=u\}=\int\frac{d u}{1-u^2}=-\int\frac{du}{u^2-1}=-\frac{1}{2} \int\left(\frac{1}{u-1}-\frac{1}{1+u}\right)\,du \\[10pt]
= {} &-\frac{1}{2}(\ln |u-1|-\ln|u+1|)+C
\end{align}



From here I don't understand how to get the answer above. Need help


Answer



You're almost there. Note that with $u=\sin(t)$ and $z=\tan(t)$, we have




$$\begin{align}
-\frac12\left(\log(|u-1|)-\log(|u+1|) \right)&=\frac12\log\left(\left|\frac{1+\sin(t)}{1-\sin(t)}\right|\right)\\\\
&=\frac12\log\left(\left|\frac{(1+\sin(t))^2}{1-\sin^2(t)}\right|\right)\\\\
&=\log\left(\left|\frac{1+\sin(t)}{\cos(t)}\right|\right)\\\\
&=\log(|\sec(t)+\tan(t)|)\\\\
&=\log(|z+\sqrt{1+z^2}|)
\end{align}$$



as was to be shown!



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