Friday 16 August 2013

calculus - $limlimits_{ntoinfty} prodlimits_{k=1}^{n} left( 1 + tan{frac{k}{n^2}} right) $



I want to calculate $$\lim\limits_{n\to\infty} \prod_{k=1}^{n} \left( 1 + \tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} \right) $$



Taking logarithms, it's enough to find
$$\lim\limits_{n\to\infty} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \log\left( 1 + \tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} \right).$$




Since $\lim\limits_{n\to\infty} \tan{\frac{x}{n^2}} = 0$, we can combine the Taylor series near $0$ of $\log(1+x)$ with the taylor series of $\tan{x}$ near $0$ to obtain the limit $e^\frac{1}{2}$.



My question is: is there any nicer way of evaluating this limit?


Answer



Probably not nicer, but still a different way is to use the facts that
$$\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\frac{\tan{x}}{x}=1$$
and, as shown here
$$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty} \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{k=1}^n f\left(\frac{k}{n}\right)= \int\limits_{0}^{1} f(x)dx$$







$$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \log\left( 1 + \tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} \right)=
\sum_{k=1}^{n} \tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} \cdot \log\left( 1 + \tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} \right)^{\frac{1}{\tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} }}=\\
\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{k}{n^2}\cdot \color{red}{ \frac{\tan{\frac{k}{n^2}}}{\frac{k}{n^2}} \cdot \log\left( 1 + \tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} \right)^{\frac{1}{\tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} }}}$$

Because the part in red $\rightarrow 1$ when $n\rightarrow\infty$ for any $k=1..n$, using the definition of the limit, $\forall \varepsilon, \exists N(\varepsilon)$ s.t. $\forall n > N(\varepsilon)$
$$(1-\varepsilon)\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{k}{n^2}\right)<\sum_{k=1}^{n} \log\left( 1 + \tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} \right)<(1+\varepsilon)\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{k}{n^2}\right)$$
leading to
$$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum_{k=1}^{n} \log\left( 1 + \tan{\frac{k}{n^2}} \right)=
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{k}{n^2}$$

But then

$$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{k}{n^2}=
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{n}\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{k}{n}\right)=\int\limits_{0}^{1}x dx =\frac{1}{2}$$

and the result follows.


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