Let P=a4X4+a3X3+a2X2+a1X+a0∈R[X] such that P has two complex zeros, x1=a+bi,x2=a−bi,a,b∈R and two real zeros, x3=a and x4∈R.
Prove that P′ doesn't have all zeros real.
I have tried writing Viete's formulas for P and the reciprocal of P to tie those zeros to the zeros of P′, but I didn't manage to solve the problem. I also thought to assume that P′ has all zeros real and achieve a contradiction, but I couldn't.
Answer
As explained in Olivier Begassat's comment, you can assume P(x)=x(x2+1)(x−c) for some c∈R. Then P(x)=x4−cx3+x2−cx,P′(x)=4x3−3cx2+2x−c=(4x3+2x)−c(1+3x2). Since P′ has odd degree, it has at least one real root λ. We then have
c=4λ3+2λ1+3λ2, and
P′(x)=4x3+2x−(4λ3+2λ1+3λ2)(1+3x2)=(x−λ)Q(x)1+3λ2
where
Q(x)=(12λ2+4)x2−2λx+(4λ2+2)
The discriminant of Q is −(192λ4+156λ2+32)<0, so Q has no real root as wished.
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