The following has come up in the course of my research. I'm looking for a function $f:\mathbb{Z^\star}\to\mathbb{R}$ such that
$$
2f(i) - f(i+j) - f(i-j) = \lambda j
$$
for all $i\ge0$ and all $j$ such that $0\le j \le i$, where $\lambda$ is a positive real parameter.
If I let $f(k)=-\frac{1}{2}\lambda k^2$ then I get $2f(i) - f(i+j) - f(i-j) = \lambda j^2$, but I haven't been able to guess a function where it evaluates to $\lambda j$. I have a suspicion that no such function exists, but how can I show this? Alternatively, if there is such a function, what is it?
Answer
We have
$$\begin{align}2\lambda &= 2f(2)-f(0)-f(4)\\&=(2f(1)-f(0)-f(2))+2(2f(2)-f(1)-f(3))+(2f(3)-f(2)-f(4))\\
&=\lambda+2\lambda+\lambda \end{align}$$
hence necessarily $\lambda=0$.
With $\lambda=0$, $f(n)=an+b$ is a valid solution.
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