Saturday 25 March 2017

calculus - $lim_{xto 0}frac{sin 3x+Asin 2x+Bsin x}{x^5}$ without series expansion or L Hospital rule




If $$f(x)=\frac{\sin 3x+A\sin 2x+B\sin x}{x^5},$$ $x\neq 0$, is continuous at $x=0$, then find $A,B$ and $f(0)$. Do not use series expansion or L Hospital's rule.




As $f(x)$ is continuous at $x=0$,therefore its limit at $x=0$ should equal to its value.
Note that this question is to be solved without series expansion or L Hospital's rule,

I tried to find the limit $\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sin 3x+A\sin 2x+B\sin x}{x^5}$
$\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sin 3x+A\sin 2x+B\sin x}{x^5}=\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{3\sin x-4\sin^3x+2A\sin x\cos x+B\sin x}{x^5}=\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{3-4\sin^2x+2A\cos x+B}{x^4}\times\frac{\sin x}{x}$
$=\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{3-4\sin^2x+2A\cos x+B}{x^4}$
As the denominator is zero,so numerator has to be zero,in order the limit to be finite.
So, $3+2A+B=0. (1)$

I tried but I could not get the second equation between $A$ and $B$. I am stuck here. How do I continue?


Answer



Using trigonometric identities we have

\begin{align}
3-4\sin^2 x+2A\cos x+B&=4(1-\sin^2 x)+2A\cos\left(2\cdot\frac{x}{2}\right)+B-1\\
&=4\cos^2\left(2\cdot\frac{x}{2}\right)+2A\cos\left(2\cdot\frac{x}{2}\right)+B-1\\
&=4\left(1-2\sin^2\frac{x}{2}\right)^2+2A\left(1-2\sin^2 \frac{x}{2}\right)+B-1\\
&=16\sin^4\frac{x}{2}-16\sin^2\frac{x}{2}-4A\sin^2\frac{x}{2}+2A+B+3\\
&=16\sin^4\frac{x}{2}-4(A+4)\sin^2\frac{x}{2}+2A+B+3\\
\end{align}
In order to make the limit finite we must have
$$A+4=0\quad\text{and}\quad 2A+B+3=0\qquad\iff\qquad \color{blue}{A=-4}\quad\text{and}\quad \color{blue}{B=5}$$
By taking those values we get

\begin{align}
\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sin 3x\color{blue}{-4}\sin 2x+\color{blue}{5}\sin x}{x^5}&=\left(\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{16\sin^4\frac{x}{2}}{x^4}\right)\left(\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)\\
&=\left(\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sin \frac{x}{2}}{\frac{x}{2}}\right)^4\left(1\right)\\
&=\color{blue}{1}
\end{align}
Since $f$ is continuous at $0$ it follows $f(0)=1$.


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