Thursday, 28 July 2016

calculus - evaluation of limit limlimitsxtoinftyleft(frac2arctan(x)piright)x



I`m trying to evaluate this limit and I need some advice how to do that.
lim
I have a feeling it has to do with a solution of form 1^\infty but do not know how to proceed. Any hints/solutions/links will be appreciated


Answer



It could be suitably modified into something involving the limit (1+\frac1x)^x\rightarrow e for x\to\infty.
\left(\frac{2\arctan x}{\pi}\right)^x ~=~ \left[1 + \left(\frac{2\arctan x}{\pi}-1\right)\right]^x
Let f(x)=\left(\frac{2\arctan x}{\pi}-1\right); clearly f(x)\to 0 for x\to+\infty, therefore
\left[1+f(x)\right]^{\frac{1}{f(x)}}\longrightarrow e
Let us focus on the limit of xf(x): using l'Hospital's rule we get
\lim_{x\to+\infty}x\,f(x) ~=~ \lim_{x\to+\infty} \frac{\frac{2\arctan x-1}{\pi}}{\frac1x} ~\stackrel H=~ \lim_{x\to+\infty} \frac{\frac{2}{\pi(1+x^2)}}{-\frac1{x^2}} ~=~ -\frac2\pi

Now, putting all together:
\lim_{x\to+\infty} \left(\frac{2\arctan x}{\pi}\right)^x ~=~ \lim_{x\to+\infty} \big(1+f(x)\big)^x ~=~ \lim_{x\to+\infty} \left[\big(1+f(x)\big)^{\frac{1}{f(x)}}\right]^{xf(x)} ~=~ e^{-2/\pi}
Generally, when you run into 1^\infty you can work it out in this way.


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