Monday, 18 July 2016

integration - Area of supercircles, or how to integrate $int_0^1 sqrt[n]{1-x^n}dx$?



Martin Gardner, somewhere in the book Mathematical Carnival; talks about superellipses and their application in city designs and other areas. Superellipses(thanks for the link anorton) are defined by the points lying on the set of curves:



$$\left|\frac{x}{a} \right|^n + \left|\frac{y}{b} \right|^n = 1$$




After reading the chapter, I was wondering how to calculate the area of these shapes. So I started by the more simplistic version of supercircles' area:



$$\frac{A}{4}=\int_0^1 \sqrt[n]{1-x^n}dx$$



Although, it looks simple, but I wasn't able to evaluate the integral(except some simple cases, i.e. $n=1,2,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{3},\cdots$). So I asked Mathematica to see if its result can shed some light on the integration procedure, the result was:



$$\int_0^1\sqrt[n]{1-x^n}dx=\frac{\Gamma \left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^2}{\Gamma \left(\frac{n+2}{n}\right)}$$
where $\Re(n)>0$. But I still couldn't figure out the integration steps. So my question is: how should we do this integration?







SideNotes:



It's easy to evaluate the integral in the limit of $n \rightarrow \infty$! One way to do it is using Taylor series expansion, and keeping the relevant terms(only first term in this case).



Some beautiful supercircles are shown in the image bellow:



supercircles
beautiful supercircles




As one can see their limiting case is a square.



Also, it will be really nice, if one can calculate the volume of the natural generalization of the curve to 3(or $k$) dimensions:



$$\left|\frac{x}{a} \right|^n + \left|\frac{y}{b} \right|^n +\left|\frac{z}{c} \right|^n = 1$$


Answer



Let $t=x^n$, hence $dt = nx^{n-1}dx = nt^{1-\frac{1}{n}}dx$
\begin{align*}
\int_0^1 \sqrt[n]{1-x^n}dx&=\frac{1}{n}\int_0^1t^{\frac{1}{n}-1}(1-t)^{\frac{1}{n}} dt\\
&=\frac{1}{n}\int_0^1t^{\frac{1}{n}-1}(1-t)^{1 + \frac{1}{n} - 1} dt\\

&=\frac{1}{n}\beta\biggr(\frac{1}{n}, 1+\frac{1}{n}\biggr)\\
&=\frac{1}{n}\frac{\Gamma(\frac{1}{n})\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{n})}{\Gamma(\frac{n+2}{n})}\\
&=\frac{\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{n})^2}{\Gamma(\frac{n+2}{n})}
\end{align*}



Wonderful problem presentation by the way! I enjoyed waking up to this.


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