Sunday, 24 July 2016

integration - Find the value of limlimitsntoinftynleft(left(int10frac11+xn,mathrmdxright)nfrac12right)




Find the value of the limit lim




I can't solve the integral \int_0^1 \mathrm{\frac{1}{1+x^n}}\,\mathrm{d}x. But maybe the questions doesn't require solving the integral.
Apparently the \lim_{n \to \infty}(\int_0^1 \mathrm{\frac{1}{1+x^n}}\,\mathrm{d}x)^n should be \frac{1}{2} for the question to make sense. That's all I know.


Answer




Let I(n) be given by the integral



\begin{align} I(n)&=\int_0^1 \frac{1}{1+x^n}\,dx \tag 1\\\\ \end{align}



Then, expanding the integrand of the integral on the right-hand side of (1) in the Taylor series \frac{1}{1+x^n}=\sum_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^kx^{nk} reveals



\begin{align} I(n)&=\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{nk+1}\\\\ &=1+\frac1n \sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^k}{k+1/n} \tag 2 \end{align}






Next, using the fact that \log(2)= \sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{k} and that \frac{\pi^2}{12}=-\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{k^2}, we can write the series in (2) as



\begin{align} \sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^k}{k+1/n} &=-\log(2)+\sum_{k=1}^\infty (-1)^k\left(\frac{1}{k+1/n}-\frac1k\right)\\\\ &=-\log(2)-\frac1n \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{k(k+1/n)}\\\\ &=-\log(2)-\frac1n \sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^k}{k^2}-\frac1n\sum_{k=1}^\infty (-1)^k\left(\frac{1}{k(k+1/n)}-\frac{1}{k^2}\right)\\\\ &=-\log(2)+\frac{\pi^2}{12n}+O\left(\frac1{n^2}\right) \tag 3 \end{align}






Using (1)-(3) yields



I(n)=1-\frac{\log(2)}{n}+\frac{\pi^2}{12n^2}+O\left(\frac1{n^3}\right) \tag 4







Next, using (4), we can write



\begin{align} \left(I(n)\right)^n&=e^{n\log\left(1-\frac{\log(2)}{n}+\frac{\pi^2}{12n^2}+O\left(\frac1{n^3}\right)\right)}\\\\ &=e^{-\log(2)+\frac{\pi^2}{12n}-\frac{\log^2(2)}{2n}+O\left(\frac{1}{n^2}\right)}\\\\ &=\frac12 \left(1+\frac{\pi^2}{12n}-\frac{\log^2(2)}{2n}+O\left(\frac{1}{n^2}\right)\right) \end{align}




Finally, we have




\begin{align} \lim_{n\to \infty}\left(n\left(\left(I(n)\right)^n-\frac12\right)\right)&=\lim_{n\to \infty}\left(\frac{\pi^2}{24}-\frac{\log^2(2)}{4}+O\left(\frac1n\right)\right)\\\\ &=\bbox[5px,border:2px solid #C0A000]{\frac{\pi^2}{24}-\frac{\log^2(2)}{4}} \end{align}




And we are done!



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