Wednesday, 16 November 2016

complex analysis - Using residue theorem to compute an integral



This most likely has a simple solution, but for some reason I keep getting a complex answer to this real integral. Here's the problem:



Let Sϵ:={xR:|x1|>ϵ}. Compute
limϵ0+Sϵx(x2+4)(x1)dx


using the residue theorem.



Attempt: I think my best bet is to use the simple contour Γ which is a semi-annulus about z=1 in the upper-half plane of outer radius R and inner radius ϵ. That is, Γ=γ1γ2+γ3+γ4, where
γ1:t[1R,1ϵ],γ2:ϵeit,0tπ,γ3:t[1+ϵ,1+R],γ4:Reit,0tπ.



Letting f(z):=z(z2+4)(z1), the residue theorem gives me Γf=2πires2i(f)=12(2i1) (2i is the only pole in int(Γ) when R is large). Hence I have the identity



12(2i1)=γ1f(z)dzγ2f(z)dz+γ3f(z)dz+γ4f(z)dz12(2i1)+γ2f(z)dz=γ1f(z)dz+γ3f(z)dz+γ4f(z)dz.



Letting R yields



12(2i1)+π0iϵ2e2it(ϵ2e2it+4)(ϵeit1)dt=1ϵf(t)dt+1+ϵf(t)dt,



where the integral over γ4




π0R2ie2it(R2e2it+4)(Reit1)dt



went to 0 as R (needs justification...). I then want to let ϵ0+ to get



12(2i1)+0(right?)=limϵ0+Sϵf(t)dt.



The problem with this is that the RHS should be real, while the LHS is not. Where did I go wrong?



Edit: I realized my parametrizations were off a bit. γ2 should be 1+ϵeit and γ4 should be 1+Reit. Yet still, the ϵ-integral still goes to zero it seems.



Answer



I made a silly mistake: the parametrization I used for γ2,γ4 was wrong! I should've shifted by 1. In particular, the ϵ-integral becomes πi/5. I also forgot to multiply the residue I calculated by 2πi. This gives me a real number for an answer.


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