Friday 11 November 2016

Proof by induction, inequality




The sequence of real numbers $\ a_1,a_2,a_3.....$ is such that $\ a_1=1$ and $$a_{n+1} = \left(a_n+\frac{1}{a_n}\right)^{\!\lambda} $$
where $\ \lambda >1$



Prove by mathematical induction that for $n\geq 2$
$$a_n\geq2^{g(n)} $$
where $g(n) = \lambda^{n-1} $



Attempt




I have solved the base case. I am having a problem in proving the statement for $n+1$. I tried two methods. Here they are:



Method 1



Assuming inductive hypothesis to be true
$$ a_n\geq2^{g(n)} $$
$$ a_n+\frac{1}{a_n}\geq2^{g(n)} $$
$$ \left(a_n+\frac{1}{a_n}\right)^{\!\lambda}\geq(2^{g(n)})^{\!\lambda}$$
$$ a_{n+1}\geq 2^{g(n+1)} $$




The statement holds true for $n+1$



Is this method correct?



Method 2
$$ a_{n+1}-2^{g(n)} =a_{n+1}-2^{g(n)} $$
$$ a_{n+1}-2^{g(n)} =\left(a_n+\frac{1}{a_n}\right)^{\!\lambda}-2^{g(n)} $$
$$ a_{n+1}-2^{g(n)} =\frac{(a^2_n+1)^\lambda}{a_n^\lambda}-2^{g(n+1)} $$
$$ a_{n+1}-2^{g(n)} =\frac{(a^2_n+1)^\lambda-(a_n^\lambda)(2^{g(n+1)})}{a_n^\lambda} $$
In this method, I don't know how to show $(a^2_n+1)^\lambda-(a_n^\lambda)(2^{g(n)})$ and $a_n^\lambda$ to be greater than or equal to $0$ which is necessary to prove the statement.




Can somebody provide me some hints which would prove beneficial in solving this problem?


Answer



Hint:



Step 1: Check that the conclusion holds for $n=1$ (which is immediate and necessary, but absent in your proof);



Step 2: Given that the conclusion holds for some $n\ge 1$ (i.e., $a_n\ge 2^{g(n)}$), show that it also holds for $n+1$, i.e., $a_{n+1}\ge 2^{g(n+1)}$. One way to show this is by first proving that the function
$$f(x)=\left(x+\frac 1x\right)^\lambda$$
is strictly increasing when $x\ge 1$, which is not difficult. With this result, we will see that

$$a_{n+1}=\left(a_n+\frac{1}{a_n}\right)^\lambda\ge \left(2^{g(n)}+2^{-g(n)}\right)^\lambda>2^{\lambda g(n)}=2^{g(n+1)}.$$
Completing the two steps yields the desired result.


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