Sunday, 6 April 2014

calculus - "multiplicative inverse in the modulo of the larger number" what does that mean?



while I was reading this artical I have read the following paragraph:




The interesting thing is that if two numbers have a $\gcd$ of $1$, then the smaller of the two numbers has a multiplicative inverse in the modulo of the larger number. It is expressed in the following equation:





and he gives the following example:



Lets work in the set $\mathbb{Z_9}$, then $4\in\mathbb{Z_9}$ and $\gcd(4,9)=1$.



Therefore $4$ has a multiplicative inverse (written $4^{−1}$) in $\bmod9$, which is $7$.



And indeed, $4\cdot7=28\equiv1\pmod9$.



But not all numbers have inverses.




For instance, $3\in\mathbb{Z_9}$ but $3^{−1}$ does not exist!



This is because $\gcd(3,9)=3\neq1$.



but what I do not understand is what does he mean by:




then the smaller of the two numbers has a multiplicative inverse in
the modulo of the larger number.





and how he got the $7$


Answer



The two numbers in his example are $4$ and $9$. The statement is that $4$ has a multiplicative inverse in the integers modulo $9$, or in other words, there is an integer $n$ such that $4 \cdot n \equiv 1 \mod 9$. The $7$ can be obtained by some trial and error (you only need to check the integers $1$ through $9$). He then gives an example of an integer that does not have a multiplicative inverse modulo $9$, namely $3$.


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