Given is a positive integer $n$. A polynomial has all coefficients being integers whose absolute value does not exceed $n$. What is the smallest possible positive root, if there is any?
If the root is rational, then by the rational root theorem, it cannot be smaller than $1/n$. The polynomial $nx-1=0$ has $x=1/n$ as the only solution. But if a root is irrational, can it be smaller than $1/n$?
Answer
Let the polynomial be $f(x)=a_kx^k+a_{k+1}x^{k+1}+\dots+ a_mx^m$, where $a_k\neq 0$. Note that if $0
(Note that this bound does not really require the coefficients of $f(x)$ to be integers. It just requires them to all have absolute value $\leq n$, and that the first nonzero coefficient has absolute value $\geq 1$.)
Conversely, we can find such polynomials $f(x)$ with positive roots arbitrarily close to $\frac{1}{n+1}$. Namely, consider $$f_m(x)=1-\sum_{j=1}^m nx^j.$$ Note that $f_m\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\right)$ converges to $0$ from above as $m\to\infty$. Moreover, for any $\epsilon>0$, $f_m\left(\frac{1}{n+1}+\epsilon\right)<0$ for all sufficiently large $m$ (since you can choose $m$ such that $f_m\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\right)<\epsilon$, and $f_m\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\right)-f_m\left(\frac{1}{n+1}+\epsilon\right)\geq n\epsilon$ by looking at the linear term alone). By the intermediate value theorem, $f_m$ must then have a root between $\frac{1}{n+1}$ and $\frac{1}{n+1}+\epsilon$.
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