Tuesday, 29 September 2015

real analysis - convergence radius of two specific power series




I did two calculations that I think are wrong but I am not sure why.



I have to compute the convergence radius of the following power series



a) 0ln(k!)xk,



b) 0k8kx3k.



Here's my attempt:




a)



lim supkkak=lim supkkln(k!)=ln(lim supkkk!)=.



Therefore the convergence radius should be 0 and the series only converges for the value x=0. Unfortunately, Wolfram alpha gives me another answer. Where's the mistake ?



b)



\limsup_{k \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[k]{a_k} = \limsup_{k \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[k]{k8^k} = \limsup_{k \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[k]{k} \sqrt[k]{8^k} = 8 \limsup_{k \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[k]{k} = 8.




I would now conclude that the convergence radius is \frac{1}{8}, but it appears to be \frac{1}{2}, what did I miss ?



Thank you for your help.


Answer



For a) you have made the error of assume the log and the exponent commute. That is \ln \sqrt[k]{k!} \ne \sqrt[k]{ \ln k!} and hence \limsup_{k \to \infty} \sqrt[k]{ \ln k!} \ne \ln \left( \limsup_{n \to \infty} \sqrt[k]{k!} \right)
I have to disagree with the other answer on how to evaluate this limit (after the error). Using Stirling's approximation gives \sqrt[k]{k!} \sim \sqrt[k]{ \sqrt{2 \pi k} \left( \frac{k}{e} \right)^k } = \left(2 \pi k \right)^{\frac{1}{2k}} \frac{k}{e} \to \infty



Of course the actual problem was the one I pointed out before. Here's how I would attack it.
\lim_{k \to \infty} \sqrt[k]{ \ln k!}=\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{ \ln (k+1)!}{\ln (k!)}=\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{\sum_{j=0}^{k+1} \ln j}{\sum_{j=0}^{k} \ln j}=\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{\ln (k+1)}{\ln k}=1 Note I used the Stolz–Cesàro theorem in the third equality.




I agree with the other answer for (b). You missed the 3k in the exponent


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